From 76977303b2c09c882575f037c6d75d1056a8b04e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Graham <gpe@openrs2.org>
Date: Sun, 25 Oct 2020 13:39:07 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Add shorthand methods for creating ByteBufs from ByteArrays
 and Strings

Signed-off-by: Graham <gpe@openrs2.org>
---
 .../org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensions.kt   |  10 ++
 .../openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensionsTest.kt   | 143 ++++++++++--------
 .../org/openrs2/cache/Js5MasterIndex.kt       |  50 ++++++
 .../openrs2/cache/BufferedFileChannelTest.kt  |  94 ++++++------
 .../kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/DiskStoreTest.kt | 103 ++++++-------
 .../org/openrs2/cache/FlatFileStoreTest.kt    |   9 +-
 .../org/openrs2/cache/Js5CompressionTest.kt   |  39 ++---
 .../kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5IndexTest.kt  |   5 +-
 .../org/openrs2/cache/VersionTrailerTest.kt   |  11 +-
 .../test/kotlin/org/openrs2/crypto/RsaTest.kt |  10 +-
 .../protocol/js5/Js5RequestDecoderTest.kt     |   7 +-
 .../protocol/js5/Js5ResponseDecoderTest.kt    |  41 +----
 .../openrs2/protocol/js5/XorDecoderTest.kt    |   8 +-
 .../openrs2/protocol/js5/XorEncoderTest.kt    |   8 +-
 14 files changed, 297 insertions(+), 241 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cache/src/main/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5MasterIndex.kt

diff --git a/buffer/src/main/kotlin/org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensions.kt b/buffer/src/main/kotlin/org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensions.kt
index 8c887b08..901ac859 100644
--- a/buffer/src/main/kotlin/org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensions.kt
+++ b/buffer/src/main/kotlin/org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensions.kt
@@ -3,8 +3,18 @@ package org.openrs2.buffer
 import com.google.common.base.Preconditions
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufUtil
+import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
+import java.nio.charset.Charset
 import java.util.zip.CRC32
 
+public fun wrappedBuffer(vararg bytes: Byte): ByteBuf {
+    return Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(bytes)
+}
+
+public fun copiedBuffer(s: String, charset: Charset = Charsets.UTF_8): ByteBuf {
+    return Unpooled.copiedBuffer(s, charset)
+}
+
 public fun ByteBuf.readShortSmart(): Int {
     val peek = getUnsignedByte(readerIndex()).toInt()
     return if ((peek and 0x80) == 0) {
diff --git a/buffer/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensionsTest.kt b/buffer/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensionsTest.kt
index c19af2bd..98c4c083 100644
--- a/buffer/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensionsTest.kt
+++ b/buffer/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/buffer/ByteBufExtensionsTest.kt
@@ -8,39 +8,60 @@ import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertFalse
 
 object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testWrappedBuffer() {
+        wrappedBuffer(1, 2, 3).use { actual ->
+            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(1, 2, 3)).use { expected ->
+                assertEquals(expected, actual)
+            }
+        }
+
+        copiedBuffer("ØpenRS2").use { actual ->
+            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ØpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                assertEquals(expected, actual)
+            }
+        }
+
+        copiedBuffer("ØpenRS2", Charsets.UTF_16BE).use { actual ->
+            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ØpenRS2".toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_16BE)).use { expected ->
+                assertEquals(expected, actual)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun testReadShortSmart() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(-0x40, buf.readShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x40)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x40).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0, buf.readShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x7F)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x7F).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x3F, buf.readShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x80.toByte(), 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x80.toByte(), 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(-0x4000, buf.readShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xBF.toByte(), 0xBF.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xBF.toByte(), 0xBF.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(-0x41, buf.readShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 0x40.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xC0.toByte(), 0x40.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x40, buf.readShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x3FFF, buf.readShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
@@ -48,49 +69,49 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testWriteShortSmart() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeShortSmart(-0x40)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x40)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x40).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeShortSmart(0)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x7F)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x7F).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeShortSmart(0x3F)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x80.toByte(), 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x80.toByte(), 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeShortSmart(-0x4000)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xBF.toByte(), 0xBF.toByte())).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xBF.toByte(), 0xBF.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeShortSmart(-0x41)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 0x40.toByte())).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xC0.toByte(), 0x40.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeShortSmart(0x40)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeShortSmart(0x3FFF)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -112,32 +133,32 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testReadUnsignedShortSmart() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0, buf.readUnsignedShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x40)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x40).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x40, buf.readUnsignedShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x7F)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x7F).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x7F, buf.readUnsignedShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x80.toByte(), 0x80.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x80.toByte(), 0x80.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x80, buf.readUnsignedShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x4000, buf.readUnsignedShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x7FFF, buf.readUnsignedShortSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
@@ -145,42 +166,42 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testWriteUnsignedShortSmart() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedShortSmart(0)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x40)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x40).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedShortSmart(0x40)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x7F)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x7F).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedShortSmart(0x7F)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x80.toByte(), 0x80.toByte())).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x80.toByte(), 0x80.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedShortSmart(0x80)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedShortSmart(0x4000)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedShortSmart(0x7FFF)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -202,37 +223,37 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testReadIntSmart() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x00, 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x00, 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(-0x4000, buf.readIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x40, 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x40, 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0, buf.readIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x7F, 0xFF.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x7F, 0xFF.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x3FFF, buf.readIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x80.toByte(), 0x00, 0x00, 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x80.toByte(), 0x00, 0x00, 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(-0x40000000, buf.readIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xBF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xBF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xBF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xBF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(-0x4001, buf.readIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00, 0x40.toByte(), 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00, 0x40.toByte(), 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x4000, buf.readIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x3FFFFFFF, buf.readIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
@@ -240,53 +261,49 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testWriteIntSmart() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x00, 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x00, 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeIntSmart(-0x4000)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x40, 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x40, 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeIntSmart(0)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x7F, 0xFF.toByte())).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x7F, 0xFF.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeIntSmart(0x3FFF)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x80.toByte(), 0x00, 0x00, 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x80.toByte(), 0x00, 0x00, 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeIntSmart(-0x40000000)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(
-            byteArrayOf(0xBF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xBF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())
-        ).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xBF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xBF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeIntSmart(-0x4001)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00, 0x40.toByte(), 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00, 0x40.toByte(), 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeIntSmart(0x4000)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(
-            byteArrayOf(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())
-        ).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeIntSmart(0x3FFFFFFF)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -308,32 +325,32 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testReadUnsignedIntSmart() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x00, 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x00, 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0, buf.readUnsignedIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x40, 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x40, 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x4000, buf.readUnsignedIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x7F, 0xFF.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x7F, 0xFF.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x7FFF, buf.readUnsignedIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x80.toByte(), 0x00, 0x80.toByte(), 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x80.toByte(), 0x00, 0x80.toByte(), 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x8000, buf.readUnsignedIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00, 0x00, 0x00)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00, 0x00, 0x00).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x40000000, buf.readUnsignedIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x7FFFFFFF, buf.readUnsignedIntSmart())
             assertFalse(buf.isReadable)
         }
@@ -341,44 +358,42 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testWriteUnsignedIntSmart() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x00, 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x00, 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedIntSmart(0)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x40, 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x40, 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedIntSmart(0x4000)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x7F, 0xFF.toByte())).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x7F, 0xFF.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedIntSmart(0x7FFF)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x80.toByte(), 0x00, 0x80.toByte(), 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x80.toByte(), 0x00, 0x80.toByte(), 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedIntSmart(0x8000)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00, 0x00, 0x00)).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xC0.toByte(), 0x00, 0x00, 0x00).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedIntSmart(0x40000000)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(
-            byteArrayOf(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte())
-        ).use { expected ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()).use { expected ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().use { actual ->
                 actual.writeUnsignedIntSmart(0x7FFFFFFF)
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -400,15 +415,15 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
          * Tests the hasArray() case. The slicedBuf trickery is to allow us
          * to test a non-zero arrayOffset().
          */
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(s.toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+        copiedBuffer(s).use { buf ->
             val slicedBuf = buf.slice(1, buf.readableBytes() - 1)
             assertEquals(0x414FA339, slicedBuf.crc32(1, slicedBuf.writerIndex() - 2))
         }
 
         // Tests the nioBufferCount() == 1 case.
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(s.toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+        copiedBuffer(s).use { buf ->
             ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.directBuffer().use { directBuf ->
-                directBuf.writeBytes(buf, 0, buf.capacity())
+                directBuf.writeBytes(buf)
 
                 assertEquals(0x414FA339, directBuf.crc32(2, directBuf.writerIndex() - 3))
             }
@@ -416,8 +431,8 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
 
         // Tests the nioBufferCount() > 1 case.
         Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("AAThe quick brown fox ".toByteArray()),
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("jumps over the lazy dogA".toByteArray())
+            copiedBuffer("AAThe quick brown fox "),
+            copiedBuffer("jumps over the lazy dogA")
         ).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x414FA339, buf.crc32(2, buf.writerIndex() - 3))
         }
@@ -426,7 +441,7 @@ object ByteBufExtensionsTest {
          * Check the crc32() method (with no arguments) sets the index/length
          * correctly.
          */
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(s.toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+        copiedBuffer(s).use { buf ->
             buf.readerIndex(2)
             buf.writerIndex(buf.writerIndex() - 1)
             assertEquals(0x414FA339, buf.crc32())
diff --git a/cache/src/main/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5MasterIndex.kt b/cache/src/main/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5MasterIndex.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58f5cf44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cache/src/main/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5MasterIndex.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package org.openrs2.cache
+
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf
+
+public inline class Js5MasterIndex(public val entries: MutableList<Entry> = mutableListOf()) {
+    public class Entry(public var version: Int, public var checksum: Int) {
+        override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+            if (this === other) return true
+            if (javaClass != other?.javaClass) return false
+
+            other as Entry
+
+            if (version != other.version) return false
+            if (checksum != other.checksum) return false
+
+            return true
+        }
+
+        override fun hashCode(): Int {
+            var result = version
+            result = 31 * result + checksum
+            return result
+        }
+
+        override fun toString(): String {
+            return "Entry{version=$version, checksum=$checksum}"
+        }
+    }
+
+    public fun write(buf: ByteBuf) {
+        for (entry in entries) {
+            buf.writeInt(entry.checksum)
+            buf.writeInt(entry.version)
+        }
+    }
+
+    public companion object {
+        public fun read(buf: ByteBuf): Js5MasterIndex {
+            check(buf.readableBytes() % 8 == 0)
+
+            val index = Js5MasterIndex()
+            while (buf.isReadable) {
+                val checksum = buf.readInt()
+                val version = buf.readInt()
+                index.entries += Entry(version, checksum)
+            }
+            return index
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/BufferedFileChannelTest.kt b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/BufferedFileChannelTest.kt
index 6f737a9d..d6fcc935 100644
--- a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/BufferedFileChannelTest.kt
+++ b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/BufferedFileChannelTest.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufAllocator
 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
+import org.openrs2.buffer.copiedBuffer
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
+import org.openrs2.buffer.wrappedBuffer
 import java.io.EOFException
 import java.nio.channels.FileChannel
 import java.nio.file.Files
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(0, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             }
 
             Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(Files.readAllBytes(path)).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -54,14 +56,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(1, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                     channel.write(0, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
             }
 
             Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(Files.readAllBytes(path)).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS22".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS22").use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -74,14 +76,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(0, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                     channel.write(1, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
             }
 
             Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(Files.readAllBytes(path)).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OOpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("OOpenRS2").use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -94,14 +96,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(0, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                     channel.write(7, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
             }
 
             Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(Files.readAllBytes(path)).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -114,14 +116,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(0, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                     channel.write(8, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
             }
 
             Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(Files.readAllBytes(path)).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2\u0000OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2\u0000OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello, world!".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello, world!").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(0, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             }
 
             Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(Files.readAllBytes(path)).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello, world!".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello, world!").use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, READ), 8, 8).use { channel ->
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(7, 7).use { actual ->
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                         channel.read(0, actual, actual.writableBytes())
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
 
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, READ), 8, 8).use { channel ->
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(14, 14).use { actual ->
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("OpenRS2OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                         channel.read(0, actual, actual.writableBytes())
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
@@ -225,14 +227,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(1)).use { buf ->
+                wrappedBuffer(1).use { buf ->
                     channel.write(7, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(8, 8).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(0, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)).use { expected ->
+                    wrappedBuffer(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1).use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -246,14 +248,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(0, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(7, 7).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(0, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -267,14 +269,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(0, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(6, 6).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(0, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("OpenRS").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -288,14 +290,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             val path = fs.getPath("/test.dat")
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(0, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(6, 6).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(1, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("penRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("penRS2").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -311,14 +313,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             Files.write(path, "OpenRS2OpenRS2".toByteArray())
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(4, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(14, 14).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(0, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenHelloenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("OpenHelloenRS2").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -334,14 +336,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             Files.write(path, "OpenRS2OpenRS2".toByteArray())
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(4, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(7, 7).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(0, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenHel".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("OpenHel").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -357,14 +359,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             Files.write(path, "OpenRS2OpenRS2".toByteArray())
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, CREATE, READ, WRITE), 8, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(4, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(7, 7).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(7, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("loenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("loenRS2").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -380,14 +382,14 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
             Files.write(path, "OpenRS2OpenRS2".toByteArray())
 
             BufferedFileChannel(FileChannel.open(path, READ, WRITE), 4, 8).use { channel ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(4, buf, buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(0, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Open".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("Open").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -395,7 +397,7 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5, 5).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(9, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("enRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("enRS2").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -414,19 +416,19 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("RS2O".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("RS2O").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
 
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ABCD".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("ABCD").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(4, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ABCD".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("ABCD").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -445,19 +447,19 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("RS2O".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("RS2O").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
 
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ABC".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("ABC").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(4, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ABCO".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("ABCO").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -476,19 +478,19 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("RS2O".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("RS2O").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
 
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("BCD".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("BCD").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(5, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("RBCD".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("RBCD").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -507,19 +509,19 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("RS2O".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("RS2O").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
 
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ZABCD".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("ZABCD").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(3, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ABCD".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("ABCD").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
@@ -538,19 +540,19 @@ object BufferedFileChannelTest {
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("RS2O".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("RS2O").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
 
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ABCDZ".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("ABCDZ").use { buf ->
                     channel.write(4, buf.slice(), buf.readableBytes())
                 }
 
                 ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(4, 4).use { actual ->
                     channel.read(4, actual, actual.writableBytes())
 
-                    Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("ABCD".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                    copiedBuffer("ABCD").use { expected ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/DiskStoreTest.kt b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/DiskStoreTest.kt
index 0f35f0b3..b7f4fc57 100644
--- a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/DiskStoreTest.kt
+++ b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/DiskStoreTest.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import com.google.common.jimfs.Configuration
 import com.google.common.jimfs.Jimfs
 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
+import org.openrs2.buffer.copiedBuffer
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
 import org.openrs2.util.io.recursiveCopy
 import org.openrs2.util.io.recursiveEquals
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testReadSingleBlock() {
         readTest("single-block") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                 store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testReadSingleBlockExtended() {
         readTest("single-block-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                 store.read(255, 65536).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testReadTwoBlocks() {
         readTest("two-blocks") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { expected ->
                 store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testReadTwoBlocksExtended() {
         readTest("two-blocks-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { expected ->
                 store.read(255, 65536).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testReadMultipleBlocks() {
         readTest("multiple-blocks") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000)).use { expected ->
                 store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testReadMultipleBlocksExtended() {
         readTest("multiple-blocks-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000)).use { expected ->
                 store.read(255, 65536).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     fun testReadOverwritten() {
         readTest("single-block-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello").use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("two-blocks-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello").use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("multiple-blocks-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(200).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(200)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -318,7 +319,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testReadFragmented() {
         readTest("fragmented") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { expected ->
                 for (j in 0 until 2) {
                     store.read(255, j).use { actual ->
                         assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -331,7 +332,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testWriteSingleBlock() {
         writeTest("single-block") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -340,7 +341,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testWriteSingleBlockExtended() {
         writeTest("single-block-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -349,7 +350,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testWriteTwoBlocks() {
         writeTest("two-blocks") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -358,7 +359,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testWriteTwoBlocksExtended() {
         writeTest("two-blocks-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -367,7 +368,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testWriteMultipleBlocks() {
         writeTest("multiple-blocks") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -376,7 +377,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testWriteMultipleBlocksExtended() {
         writeTest("multiple-blocks-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -386,7 +387,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     fun testWriteFragmented() {
         writeTest("fragmented") { store ->
             for (i in 1..2) {
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(i * 50).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(i * 50)).use { buf ->
                     for (j in 0 until 2) {
                         store.write(255, j, buf.slice())
                     }
@@ -398,19 +399,19 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testOverwriteShorter() {
         overwriteTest("single-block", "single-block-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("two-blocks", "two-blocks-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("multiple-blocks", "multiple-blocks-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(200).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(200)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -419,19 +420,19 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testOverwriteShorterExtended() {
         overwriteTest("single-block-extended", "single-block-extended-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("two-blocks-extended", "two-blocks-extended-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("multiple-blocks-extended", "multiple-blocks-extended-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(200).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(200)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -440,19 +441,19 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testOverwriteLonger() {
         overwriteTest("single-block", "two-blocks") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("single-block", "multiple-blocks") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("two-blocks", "multiple-blocks") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -461,19 +462,19 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testOverwriteLongerExtended() {
         overwriteTest("single-block-extended", "two-blocks-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("single-block-extended", "multiple-blocks-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("two-blocks-extended", "multiple-blocks-extended") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1000)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 65536, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -566,49 +567,49 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testOverwriteCorrupt() {
         overwriteTest("corrupt-eof-late", "corrupt-eof-late-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1050).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1050)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-first-eof-early", "corrupt-first-eof-early-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-first-invalid-archive", "corrupt-first-invalid-archive-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-first-invalid-block-number", "corrupt-first-invalid-block-number-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-first-invalid-group", "corrupt-first-invalid-group-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-first-outside-data-file", "corrupt-first-outside-data-file-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-second-eof-early", "corrupt-second-eof-early-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-second-invalid-archive", "corrupt-second-invalid-archive-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -617,19 +618,19 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
             "corrupt-second-invalid-block-number",
             "corrupt-second-invalid-block-number-overwritten"
         ) { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-second-invalid-group", "corrupt-second-invalid-group-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("corrupt-second-outside-data-file", "corrupt-second-outside-data-file-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 1, buf)
             }
         }
@@ -639,7 +640,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
     fun testReadOverwrittenCorrupt() {
         readTest("corrupt-eof-late-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1050).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(1050)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -647,7 +648,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-first-eof-early-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -655,7 +656,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-first-invalid-archive-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -663,7 +664,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-first-invalid-block-number-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -671,7 +672,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-first-invalid-group-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -679,7 +680,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-first-outside-data-file-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -687,7 +688,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-second-eof-early-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -695,7 +696,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-second-invalid-archive-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -703,7 +704,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-second-invalid-block-number-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -711,7 +712,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-second-invalid-group-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
@@ -719,7 +720,7 @@ object DiskStoreTest {
 
         readTest("corrupt-second-outside-data-file-overwritten") { store ->
             store.read(255, 1).use { actual ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+                copiedBuffer("Hello".repeat(300)).use { expected ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
             }
diff --git a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/FlatFileStoreTest.kt b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/FlatFileStoreTest.kt
index 3388a43b..be7c1663 100644
--- a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/FlatFileStoreTest.kt
+++ b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/FlatFileStoreTest.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import com.google.common.jimfs.Jimfs
 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
+import org.openrs2.buffer.copiedBuffer
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
 import org.openrs2.util.io.recursiveCopy
 import org.openrs2.util.io.recursiveEquals
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ object FlatFileStoreTest {
                 store.read(1, 0).release()
             }
 
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
                 store.read(255, 0).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -196,19 +197,19 @@ object FlatFileStoreTest {
     @Test
     fun testWrite() {
         writeTest("single-group") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 0, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("empty-archive", "single-group") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 0, buf)
             }
         }
 
         overwriteTest("single-group", "single-group-overwritten") { store ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("Hello, world!".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+            copiedBuffer("Hello, world!").use { buf ->
                 store.write(255, 0, buf)
             }
         }
diff --git a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5CompressionTest.kt b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5CompressionTest.kt
index d0bcab31..7bb8c145 100644
--- a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5CompressionTest.kt
+++ b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5CompressionTest.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package org.openrs2.cache
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf
 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
+import org.openrs2.buffer.copiedBuffer
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
 import org.openrs2.crypto.XteaKey
 import java.io.IOException
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
     @Test
     fun testCompressNone() {
         read("none.dat").use { expected ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { input ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.compress(input, Js5CompressionType.UNCOMPRESSED).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressNone() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             read("none.dat").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(input).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testCompressGzip() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             Js5Compression.compress(expected.slice(), Js5CompressionType.GZIP).use { compressed ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(compressed).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressGzip() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             read("gzip.dat").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(input).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testCompressBzip2() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             Js5Compression.compress(expected.slice(), Js5CompressionType.BZIP2).use { compressed ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(compressed).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressBzip2() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             read("bzip2.dat").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(input).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testCompressLzma() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             Js5Compression.compress(expected.slice(), Js5CompressionType.LZMA).use { compressed ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(compressed).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressLzma() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             read("lzma.dat").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(input).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
     @Test
     fun testCompressNoneEncrypted() {
         read("none-encrypted.dat").use { expected ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(3).toByteArray()).use { input ->
+            copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(3)).use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.compress(input, Js5CompressionType.UNCOMPRESSED, KEY).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
                 }
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressNoneEncrypted() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(3).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(3)).use { expected ->
             read("none-encrypted.dat").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(input, KEY).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testCompressGzipEncrypted() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             Js5Compression.compress(expected.slice(), Js5CompressionType.GZIP, KEY).use { compressed ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(compressed, KEY).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressGzipEncrypted() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             read("gzip-encrypted.dat").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(input, KEY).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testCompressBzip2Encrypted() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             Js5Compression.compress(expected.slice(), Js5CompressionType.BZIP2, KEY).use { compressed ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(compressed, KEY).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressBzip2Encrypted() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             read("bzip2-encrypted.dat").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(input, KEY).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testCompressLzmaEncrypted() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             Js5Compression.compress(expected.slice(), Js5CompressionType.LZMA, KEY).use { compressed ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(compressed, KEY).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressLzmaEncrypted() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { expected ->
             read("lzma-encrypted.dat").use { input ->
                 Js5Compression.uncompress(input, KEY).use { actual ->
                     assertEquals(expected, actual)
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testCompressBest() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { expected ->
             val noneLen = Js5Compression.compress(expected.slice(), Js5CompressionType.UNCOMPRESSED).use { compressed ->
                 compressed.readableBytes()
             }
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testCompressBestEncrypted() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100).toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2".repeat(100)).use { expected ->
             val noneLen = Js5Compression.compress(expected.slice(), Js5CompressionType.UNCOMPRESSED).use { compressed ->
                 compressed.readableBytes()
             }
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ object Js5CompressionTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testUncompressedEncryption() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()).use { buf ->
+        copiedBuffer("OpenRS2").use { buf ->
             Js5Compression.compressBest(buf.slice()).use { compressed ->
                 assertEquals(Js5CompressionType.UNCOMPRESSED.ordinal, compressed.getUnsignedByte(0).toInt())
             }
diff --git a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5IndexTest.kt b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5IndexTest.kt
index 49ab6ba8..2a9316f9 100644
--- a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5IndexTest.kt
+++ b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/Js5IndexTest.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufUtil
 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
+import org.openrs2.buffer.wrappedBuffer
 import org.openrs2.util.krHashCode
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
@@ -128,13 +129,13 @@ object Js5IndexTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testReadUnsupportedProtocol() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(4)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(4).use { buf ->
             assertThrows<IllegalArgumentException> {
                 Js5Index.read(buf)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(8)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(8).use { buf ->
             assertThrows<IllegalArgumentException> {
                 Js5Index.read(buf)
             }
diff --git a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/VersionTrailerTest.kt b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/VersionTrailerTest.kt
index 85379ed7..a60f6639 100644
--- a/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/VersionTrailerTest.kt
+++ b/cache/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/cache/VersionTrailerTest.kt
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package org.openrs2.cache
 
 import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
+import org.openrs2.buffer.wrappedBuffer
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertNull
@@ -11,23 +12,23 @@ object VersionTrailerTest {
     public fun testStrip() {
         assertNull(VersionTrailer.strip(Unpooled.EMPTY_BUFFER))
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0).use { buf ->
             assertNull(VersionTrailer.strip(buf))
 
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0)).use { expected ->
+            wrappedBuffer(0).use { expected ->
                 assertEquals(expected, buf)
             }
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x12, 0x34)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x12, 0x34).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x1234, VersionTrailer.strip(buf))
             assertEquals(Unpooled.EMPTY_BUFFER, buf)
         }
 
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x12, 0x34, 0x56)).use { buf ->
+        wrappedBuffer(0x12, 0x34, 0x56).use { buf ->
             assertEquals(0x3456, VersionTrailer.strip(buf))
 
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0x012)).use { expected ->
+            wrappedBuffer(0x012).use { expected ->
                 assertEquals(expected, buf)
             }
         }
diff --git a/crypto/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/crypto/RsaTest.kt b/crypto/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/crypto/RsaTest.kt
index 6e10a4ca..38c209f3 100644
--- a/crypto/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/crypto/RsaTest.kt
+++ b/crypto/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/crypto/RsaTest.kt
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ package org.openrs2.crypto
 
 import com.google.common.jimfs.Configuration
 import com.google.common.jimfs.Jimfs
-import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.RSAKeyParameters
 import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.RSAPrivateCrtKeyParameters
 import org.bouncycastle.util.Properties
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
+import org.openrs2.buffer.wrappedBuffer
 import org.openrs2.util.io.useTempFile
 import java.math.BigInteger
 import java.nio.file.Files
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ object RsaTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testEncryptByteBuf() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(65)).use { plaintext ->
+        wrappedBuffer(65).use { plaintext ->
             plaintext.rsaEncrypt(PUBLIC_KEY).use { ciphertext ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(10, 230.toByte())).use { expectedCiphertext ->
+                wrappedBuffer(10, 230.toByte()).use { expectedCiphertext ->
                     assertEquals(expectedCiphertext, ciphertext)
                 }
             }
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ object RsaTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testDecryptByteBuf() {
-        Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(10, 230.toByte())).use { ciphertext ->
+        wrappedBuffer(10, 230.toByte()).use { ciphertext ->
             ciphertext.rsaDecrypt(PRIVATE_KEY).use { plaintext ->
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(65)).use { expectedPlaintext ->
+                wrappedBuffer(65).use { expectedPlaintext ->
                     assertEquals(expectedPlaintext, plaintext)
                 }
             }
diff --git a/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/Js5RequestDecoderTest.kt b/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/Js5RequestDecoderTest.kt
index 4cf41107..8fa9fbb5 100644
--- a/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/Js5RequestDecoderTest.kt
+++ b/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/Js5RequestDecoderTest.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel
 import io.netty.handler.codec.DecoderException
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
+import org.openrs2.buffer.wrappedBuffer
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
@@ -22,8 +23,8 @@ object Js5RequestDecoderTest {
     @Test
     fun testFragmented() {
         val channel = EmbeddedChannel(Js5RequestDecoder())
-        channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0, 2)))
-        channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(0, 3)))
+        channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer(0, 2))
+        channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer(0, 3))
         assertEquals(Js5Request.Group(true, 2, 3), channel.readInbound())
     }
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ object Js5RequestDecoderTest {
         val channel = EmbeddedChannel(Js5RequestDecoder())
 
         assertThrows<DecoderException> {
-            channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(8, 0, 0, 0)))
+            channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer(8, 0, 0, 0))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/Js5ResponseDecoderTest.kt b/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/Js5ResponseDecoderTest.kt
index 76f6aadb..a605d37f 100644
--- a/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/Js5ResponseDecoderTest.kt
+++ b/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/Js5ResponseDecoderTest.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel
 import io.netty.handler.codec.DecoderException
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
+import org.openrs2.buffer.wrappedBuffer
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
@@ -35,19 +36,9 @@ object Js5ResponseDecoderTest {
     fun testDecodeFragmented() {
         val channel = EmbeddedChannel(Js5ResponseDecoder())
 
-        channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf(2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0)))
-        channel.writeInbound(
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(
-                byteArrayOf(
-                    7,
-                    'O'.toByte(),
-                    'p'.toByte(),
-                    'e'.toByte(),
-                    'n'.toByte()
-                )
-            )
-        )
-        channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(byteArrayOf('R'.toByte(), 'S'.toByte(), '2'.toByte())))
+        channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer(2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+        channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer(7, 'O'.toByte(), 'p'.toByte(), 'e'.toByte(), 'n'.toByte()))
+        channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer('R'.toByte(), 'S'.toByte(), '2'.toByte()))
 
         Unpooled.buffer().use { buf ->
             buf.writeByte(0)
@@ -67,13 +58,7 @@ object Js5ResponseDecoderTest {
         val channel = EmbeddedChannel(Js5ResponseDecoder())
 
         assertThrows<DecoderException> {
-            channel.writeInbound(
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(
-                    byteArrayOf(
-                        2, 0, 3, 0, 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()
-                    )
-                )
-            )
+            channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer(2, 0, 3, 0, 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -82,13 +67,7 @@ object Js5ResponseDecoderTest {
         val channel = EmbeddedChannel(Js5ResponseDecoder())
 
         assertThrows<DecoderException> {
-            channel.writeInbound(
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(
-                    byteArrayOf(
-                        2, 0, 3, 0, 0x7F, 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFB.toByte()
-                    )
-                )
-            )
+            channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer(2, 0, 3, 0, 0x7F, 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFB.toByte()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -97,13 +76,7 @@ object Js5ResponseDecoderTest {
         val channel = EmbeddedChannel(Js5ResponseDecoder())
 
         assertThrows<DecoderException> {
-            channel.writeInbound(
-                Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(
-                    byteArrayOf(
-                        2, 0, 3, 1, 0x7F, 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xF7.toByte()
-                    )
-                )
-            )
+            channel.writeInbound(wrappedBuffer(2, 0, 3, 1, 0x7F, 0xFF.toByte(), 0xFF.toByte(), 0xF7.toByte()))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/XorDecoderTest.kt b/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/XorDecoderTest.kt
index ffd51e3c..94840481 100644
--- a/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/XorDecoderTest.kt
+++ b/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/XorDecoderTest.kt
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ package org.openrs2.protocol.js5
 
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf
 import io.netty.buffer.PooledByteBufAllocator
-import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel
+import org.openrs2.buffer.copiedBuffer
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ object XorDecoderTest {
         val channel = EmbeddedChannel(decoder)
         if (direct) {
             PooledByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.ioBuffer().use { buf ->
-                buf.writeBytes("OpenRS2".toByteArray())
+                buf.writeCharSequence("OpenRS2", Charsets.UTF_8)
                 channel.writeInbound(buf.retain())
             }
         } else {
-            channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()))
+            channel.writeInbound(copiedBuffer("OpenRS2"))
         }
 
         channel.readInbound<ByteBuf>().use { actual ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(expected.toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer(expected).use { expected ->
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }
diff --git a/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/XorEncoderTest.kt b/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/XorEncoderTest.kt
index 04d77bae..6918b37b 100644
--- a/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/XorEncoderTest.kt
+++ b/protocol/src/test/kotlin/org/openrs2/protocol/js5/XorEncoderTest.kt
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ package org.openrs2.protocol.js5
 
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf
 import io.netty.buffer.PooledByteBufAllocator
-import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled
 import io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel
+import org.openrs2.buffer.copiedBuffer
 import org.openrs2.buffer.use
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ object XorEncoderTest {
         val channel = EmbeddedChannel(encoder)
         if (direct) {
             PooledByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.ioBuffer().use { buf ->
-                buf.writeBytes("OpenRS2".toByteArray())
+                buf.writeCharSequence("OpenRS2", Charsets.UTF_8)
                 channel.writeOutbound(buf.retain())
             }
         } else {
-            channel.writeOutbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("OpenRS2".toByteArray()))
+            channel.writeOutbound(copiedBuffer("OpenRS2"))
         }
 
         channel.readOutbound<ByteBuf>().use { actual ->
-            Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(expected.toByteArray()).use { expected ->
+            copiedBuffer(expected).use { expected ->
                 assertEquals(expected, actual)
             }
         }