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+# Cryptography
+
+## ISAAC
+
+[ISAAC][isaac] is a cryptographically-secure pseudorandom number generator. By
+combining its output with addition/subtraction, the client uses it as a stream
+cipher to encrypt the opcodes of packets.
+
+It was implemented to break packet injection bots, such as AutoRune. While
+using ISAAC in this manner only provides confidentiality, and not authenticity
+or integrity, if the opcodes are tampered with the packet lengths will no
+longer be in sync between the client and server. This causes one or both of the
+endpoints to read garbage opcodes, though the garbage opcodes may happen to
+match valid packets for a while. Eventually, one or both endpoints will detect
+an invalid packet and close the connection.
+
+## RSA
+
+[RSA][rsa] is an asymmetric encryption and signature algorithm. The client uses
+it to protect the user's password and the session's symmetric key during the
+login process.
+
+In later revisions, the JS5 master index is signed with Jagex's private key.
+This change was made around the time the native libraries were moved into the
+cache, ensuring that Jagex's code-signed applet could not be used to run
+arbitrary native code if an attacker tampers with the JS5 connection. This
+change was probably required by Jagex's certificate authority.
+
+Jagex used a 512-bit RSA key when build 550 was released, and due to the size
+of the output buffer in the client, the maximum key size is 1,008 bits. Both of
+these sizes are considered insecure by modern standards, and Jagex's 512-bit
+private key was factored in 2016.
+
+Textbook RSA is used, rather than a secure padding scheme, which leads to
+[several weaknesses][textbook-rsa].
+
+## SHA-1
+
+[SHA-1][sha1] is a cryptographic hash function. It is used to verify the
+integrity of the game's code. SHA-1 is no longer secure.
+
+## XTEA
+
+[XTEA][xtea] is a symmetric block cipher. It is primarily used to encrypt
+location files in the cache, reportedly to prevent bots from performing
+path-finding across the entire map - the server only provides keys for a
+location file when the player is within or adjacent to it.
+
+It is used in [Electronic codebook (ECB)][ecb] mode. ECB is theoretically
+insecure, however, as the location files are compressed before encryption it is
+difficult to make use of this insecurity in practice.
+
+The location files do not contain padding, and therefore the last 0-7 bytes are
+leaked. This has no practical impact as they only contain a portion of the gzip
+or bzip2 trailer.
+
+It is also used (in ECB mode, but with padding) to encrypt the player's email
+address in the create account packet, with the symmetric key encrypted with RSA.
+XTEA is used as email addresses may sometimes be too long to be encrypted
+directly by Jagex's 512-bit RSA key.
+
+## Whirlpool
+
+[Whirlpool][whirlpool] is a cryptographic hash function. It is not used in
+build 550, however, it is included here for completeness as it is supported by
+OpenRS2's cache library. It is used to verify the integrity of native libraries
+stored in the cache.
+
+[ecb]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation#Electronic_codebook_(ECB)
+[isaac]: https://burtleburtle.net/bob/rand/isaacafa.html
+[rsa]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)
+[sha1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1
+[textbook-rsa]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)#Attacks_against_plain_RSA
+[whirlpool]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)
+[xtea]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTEA